Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astronomy and astrophysics are two related sciences that study celestial bodies such as stars, galaxies, planets, comets and black holes. They also examine the effects of these objects and their interactions on the universe as a whole. Using telescopes and other instruments, astronomers observe the nature of the universe and our place within it. The results of their work have far-reaching implications. They shape national agendas for research and development of solar power, spacecraft and other technological advances. They also influence societal issues such as global climate change and the search for clean energy sources.

The discipline of astronomy has long been closely linked to physics. The first astronomical observatories, built by the ancient Greeks, used physical observations to make deductions about the nature of the solar system and other distant objects. Until the late 19th century, astronomy was mostly concerned with cataloging celestial bodies, studying their positions and motions. But with the advent of spectroscopy, which allowed the chemical composition of astronomical objects to be determined, new avenues opened for exploration.

As a scientific field, astronomy has made rapid and profound contributions to the understanding of the cosmos. Its results are now ingrained in our culture, with terms like “light-year” and “big bang” entering the vernacular. The astronomy aisle of any fully-stocked bookstore is packed with large, beautiful picture books of the cosmos, and many of our cultural icons are astronomers (Stephen Hawking, Neil deGrasse Tyson).

For students interested in careers in astronomy or astrophysics, the most important thing to do in high school is to take a variety of math and science classes. In college, students can choose a major that is closely related to astronomy or astrophysics. They can also look for opportunities such as volunteer work, school clubs, summer jobs or internships that allow them to interact with people in the field and learn more about it.

Most astronomical research is performed at universities, which are home to state-of-the-art observatories and other facilities. Many astronomy and astrophysics degrees are offered at the bachelors, masters and doctoral levels in physics or aerospace engineering departments.

For students pursuing degrees in astronomy and astrophysics, the best way to gain an edge is through experience with laboratory-based research and hands-on projects. Students should consider applying for a research assistantship or fellowship in a lab devoted to astronomy or astrophysics. These positions typically involve extensive hands-on research, data analysis and writing. They offer the opportunity to gain practical knowledge that will be valuable for future employers and for graduate school applications. Depending on the research area, some fellowships may include a travel allowance or tuition costs. In addition, a research assistantship or fellowship often leads to a job offer upon completion of the degree. This is particularly true for those seeking careers in astrophysics and space science.